启用C ++ 11时,std :: vector的性能回归

当我启用C ++ 11时,我在一个小的C ++代码片段中发现了一个有趣的性能回归:

#include <vector> struct Item { int a; int b; }; int main() { const std::size_t num_items = 10000000; std::vector<Item> container; container.reserve(num_items); for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_items; ++i) { container.push_back(Item()); } return 0; } 

用g ++(GCC)4.8.2 20131219(prerelease)和C ++ 03我得到:

 milian:/tmp$ g++ -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 35.206824 task-clock # 0.988 CPUs utilized ( +- 1.23% ) 4 context-switches # 0.116 K/sec ( +- 4.38% ) 0 cpu-migrations # 0.006 K/sec ( +- 66.67% ) 849 page-faults # 0.024 M/sec ( +- 6.02% ) 95,693,808 cycles # 2.718 GHz ( +- 1.14% ) [49.72%] <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend 95,282,359 instructions # 1.00 insns per cycle ( +- 0.65% ) [75.27%] 30,104,021 branches # 855.062 M/sec ( +- 0.87% ) [77.46%] 6,038 branch-misses # 0.02% of all branches ( +- 25.73% ) [75.53%] 0.035648729 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.22% ) 

另一方面,启用C ++ 11后,性能显着下降:

 milian:/tmp$ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 86.485313 task-clock # 0.994 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.50% ) 9 context-switches # 0.104 K/sec ( +- 1.66% ) 2 cpu-migrations # 0.017 K/sec ( +- 26.76% ) 798 page-faults # 0.009 M/sec ( +- 8.54% ) 237,982,690 cycles # 2.752 GHz ( +- 0.41% ) [51.32%] <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend 135,730,319 instructions # 0.57 insns per cycle ( +- 0.32% ) [75.77%] 30,880,156 branches # 357.057 M/sec ( +- 0.25% ) [75.76%] 4,188 branch-misses # 0.01% of all branches ( +- 7.59% ) [74.08%] 0.087016724 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.50% ) 

有人可以解释这个吗? 到目前为止,我的经验是,通过启用C ++ 11,STL变得更快。 感谢移动语义。

编辑:build议使用container.emplace_back(); 性能可以与C ++ 03版本保持一致。 C ++ 03版本如何实现与push_back相同的function?

 milian:/tmp$ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 36.229348 task-clock # 0.988 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.81% ) 4 context-switches # 0.116 K/sec ( +- 3.17% ) 1 cpu-migrations # 0.017 K/sec ( +- 36.85% ) 798 page-faults # 0.022 M/sec ( +- 8.54% ) 94,488,818 cycles # 2.608 GHz ( +- 1.11% ) [50.44%] <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend 94,851,411 instructions # 1.00 insns per cycle ( +- 0.98% ) [75.22%] 30,468,562 branches # 840.991 M/sec ( +- 1.07% ) [76.71%] 2,723 branch-misses # 0.01% of all branches ( +- 9.84% ) [74.81%] 0.036678068 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.80% ) 

我可以使用您在post中撰写的选项在计算机上重现您的结果。

但是,如果我也启用链接时间优化 (我也将-flto标志传递给gcc 4.7.2),结果是相同的:

(我正在编译你的原始代码,用container.push_back(Item());

 $ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -flto regr.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 35.426793 task-clock # 0.986 CPUs utilized ( +- 1.75% ) 4 context-switches # 0.116 K/sec ( +- 5.69% ) 0 CPU-migrations # 0.006 K/sec ( +- 66.67% ) 19,801 page-faults # 0.559 M/sec 99,028,466 cycles # 2.795 GHz ( +- 1.89% ) [77.53%] 50,721,061 stalled-cycles-frontend # 51.22% frontend cycles idle ( +- 3.74% ) [79.47%] 25,585,331 stalled-cycles-backend # 25.84% backend cycles idle ( +- 4.90% ) [73.07%] 141,947,224 instructions # 1.43 insns per cycle # 0.36 stalled cycles per insn ( +- 0.52% ) [88.72%] 37,697,368 branches # 1064.092 M/sec ( +- 0.52% ) [88.75%] 26,700 branch-misses # 0.07% of all branches ( +- 3.91% ) [83.64%] 0.035943226 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.79% ) $ g++ -std=c++98 -O3 -flto regr.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 35.510495 task-clock # 0.988 CPUs utilized ( +- 2.54% ) 4 context-switches # 0.101 K/sec ( +- 7.41% ) 0 CPU-migrations # 0.003 K/sec ( +-100.00% ) 19,801 page-faults # 0.558 M/sec ( +- 0.00% ) 98,463,570 cycles # 2.773 GHz ( +- 1.09% ) [77.71%] 50,079,978 stalled-cycles-frontend # 50.86% frontend cycles idle ( +- 2.20% ) [79.41%] 26,270,699 stalled-cycles-backend # 26.68% backend cycles idle ( +- 8.91% ) [74.43%] 141,427,211 instructions # 1.44 insns per cycle # 0.35 stalled cycles per insn ( +- 0.23% ) [87.66%] 37,366,375 branches # 1052.263 M/sec ( +- 0.48% ) [88.61%] 26,621 branch-misses # 0.07% of all branches ( +- 5.28% ) [83.26%] 0.035953916 seconds time elapsed 

至于这个原因,需要看看生成的汇编代码( g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -S regr.cpp )。 在C ++ 11模式下,生成的代码比C ++ 98模式和内联函数 显得更加混乱
void std::vector<Item,std::allocator<Item>>::_M_emplace_back_aux<Item>(Item&&)
在C ++ 11模式下,使用默认的行inline-limit 失败

这失败了内联有多米诺骨牌效应。 不是因为这个函数被调用(它甚至没有被调用!),而是因为我们必须做好准备: 如果被调用,函数argments( Item.aItem.b )必须已经在正确的位置。 这导致了一个相当凌乱的代码。

以下是内联成功的情况下生成的代码的相关部分:

 .L42: testq %rbx, %rbx # container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_finish je .L3 #, movl $0, (%rbx) #, container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_finish_136->a movl $0, 4(%rbx) #, container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_finish_136->b .L3: addq $8, %rbx #, container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_finish subq $1, %rbp #, ivtmp.106 je .L41 #, .L14: cmpq %rbx, %rdx # container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_finish, container$D13376$_M_impl$_M_end_of_storage jne .L42 #, 

这是一个很好的和紧凑的循环。 现在,我们来比较一下失败的内联情况:

 .L49: testq %rax, %rax # D.15772 je .L26 #, movq 16(%rsp), %rdx # D.13379, D.13379 movq %rdx, (%rax) # D.13379, *D.15772_60 .L26: addq $8, %rax #, tmp75 subq $1, %rbx #, ivtmp.117 movq %rax, 40(%rsp) # tmp75, container.D.13376._M_impl._M_finish je .L48 #, .L28: movq 40(%rsp), %rax # container.D.13376._M_impl._M_finish, D.15772 cmpq 48(%rsp), %rax # container.D.13376._M_impl._M_end_of_storage, D.15772 movl $0, 16(%rsp) #, D.13379.a movl $0, 20(%rsp) #, D.13379.b jne .L49 #, leaq 16(%rsp), %rsi #, leaq 32(%rsp), %rdi #, call _ZNSt6vectorI4ItemSaIS0_EE19_M_emplace_back_auxIIS0_EEEvDpOT_ # 

这个代码是混乱的,循环比以前的情况更多。 在函数call之前(最后一行显示),参数必须正确放置:

 leaq 16(%rsp), %rsi #, leaq 32(%rsp), %rdi #, call _ZNSt6vectorI4ItemSaIS0_EE19_M_emplace_back_auxIIS0_EEEvDpOT_ # 

尽pipe这个过程从来没有被执行过,但是循环之前安排了这些事情:

 movl $0, 16(%rsp) #, D.13379.a movl $0, 20(%rsp) #, D.13379.b 

这导致了混乱的代码。 如果因为内联成功而没有函数call ,那么我们在循环中只有2个移动指令,并且没有与%rsp (堆栈指针)相关的问题。 但是,如果内联失败,我们会得到6个动作,而且我们会用%rsp搞得一团糟。

只是为了证实我的理论(注意-finline-limit ),无论是在C ++ 11模式下:

  $ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -finline-limit=105 regr.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 84.739057 task-clock # 0.993 CPUs utilized ( +- 1.34% ) 8 context-switches # 0.096 K/sec ( +- 2.22% ) 1 CPU-migrations # 0.009 K/sec ( +- 64.01% ) 19,801 page-faults # 0.234 M/sec 266,809,312 cycles # 3.149 GHz ( +- 0.58% ) [81.20%] 206,804,948 stalled-cycles-frontend # 77.51% frontend cycles idle ( +- 0.91% ) [81.25%] 129,078,683 stalled-cycles-backend # 48.38% backend cycles idle ( +- 1.37% ) [69.49%] 183,130,306 instructions # 0.69 insns per cycle # 1.13 stalled cycles per insn ( +- 0.85% ) [85.35%] 38,759,720 branches # 457.401 M/sec ( +- 0.29% ) [85.43%] 24,527 branch-misses # 0.06% of all branches ( +- 2.66% ) [83.52%] 0.085359326 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.31% ) $ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 -finline-limit=106 regr.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs): 37.790325 task-clock # 0.990 CPUs utilized ( +- 2.06% ) 4 context-switches # 0.098 K/sec ( +- 5.77% ) 0 CPU-migrations # 0.011 K/sec ( +- 55.28% ) 19,801 page-faults # 0.524 M/sec 104,699,973 cycles # 2.771 GHz ( +- 2.04% ) [78.91%] 58,023,151 stalled-cycles-frontend # 55.42% frontend cycles idle ( +- 4.03% ) [78.88%] 30,572,036 stalled-cycles-backend # 29.20% backend cycles idle ( +- 5.31% ) [71.40%] 140,669,773 instructions # 1.34 insns per cycle # 0.41 stalled cycles per insn ( +- 1.40% ) [88.14%] 38,117,067 branches # 1008.646 M/sec ( +- 0.65% ) [89.38%] 27,519 branch-misses # 0.07% of all branches ( +- 4.01% ) [86.16%] 0.038187580 seconds time elapsed ( +- 2.05% ) 

事实上,如果我们要求编译器尝试一点点的内联函数,性能的差异就会消失。


那么从这个故事中拿走什么呢? 失败的内联会花费你很多,你应该充分利用编译器function: 我只能推荐链接时间优化。 它为我的程序提供了显着的性能提升(高达2.5倍),我所需要做的就是传递-flto标志。 这是一个很好的交易! ;)

不过,我不推荐用inline关键字来代替你的代码。 让编译器决定要做什么。 (无论如何,优化器都允许将内联关键字视为空格。)


很好的问题,+1!